Persistently low fertility rates across Europe are raising concerns about future population decline, labour force contraction, and long-term economic sustainability. While many factors influence family formation, from housing and childcare access to work-life balance and cultural expectations, addressing them requires coordinated action across policy areas. Supporting families through targeted measures, rethinking gender roles in caregiving, and ensuring economic stability for younger generations are among the issues shaping the debate. As national governments explore tailored responses, dialogue remains essential on how Europe can foster conditions that empower individuals to pursue family aspirations without structural barriers. The EU’s Demography Toolbox for Action emphasises the need for a public-private collaboration on affordable housing, early childhood education, and parental support programs that will be key in fostering a stable and productive workforce.

The European Commission’s Union of Skills is setting the groundwork for a more adaptable and resilient workforce by promoting upskilling, improving qualification portability, and aligning talent with labour market needs. As Europe’s working-age population declines and the digital and green transitions accelerate, labour markets are facing increasing pressure. Addressing these challenges requires strong lifelong learning systems, inclusive employment models, and better coordination between education, employers, and public authorities. Supporting youth participation, managing intergenerational dynamics, and enabling cross-border mobility will be key to maintaining economic resilience in a shifting demographic landscape.

As Europe’s working-age population ages and regional imbalances grow, migration is also playing an increasingly important role in shaping the continent’s demographic future. Beyond labour market needs, the long-term success of migration depends on effective integration strategies, mutual adaptation, and cohesive communities. Cultural inclusion, recognition of qualifications, and equal access to services are essential for strengthening social resilience. With the implementation of the Pact on Migration and Asylum, greater attention is being paid to how legal pathways, and integration policies can reinforce both solidarity and stability. Adapting to shifting social dynamics while preserving public trust continues to be a key challenge for Member States.

Europe’s ageing population is reshaping economic structures, fiscal sustainability, and investment priorities. The growing demand for pensions, healthcare, and long-term care is placing new pressures on public budgets, while also opening opportunities for private sector innovation in longevity finance, insurance solutions, and the silver economy. Addressing these shifts requires rethinking retirement models, strengthening financial resilience across generations, and promoting inclusive growth strategies. Developing long-term planning tools and adapting financial systems to demographic realities will be crucial for securing both economic stability and social cohesion. In this context, advancing the Savings and Investment Union and reinforcing the role of sustainable finance will be key to mobilising capital and protecting against demographic risk.

Demographic pressures are creating new demands on Europe’s housing systems. Younger generations are facing barriers to homeownership and affordable rentals, while older adults increasingly require adapted housing that supports independent living. These shifts are reshaping urban planning, infrastructure, and the role of both public and private actors in housing provision. Adapting to this evolving context involves rethinking design, financing models, and community-based solutions that reflect the needs of a changing population. Ensuring that housing systems remain inclusive, accessible, and economically viable will be central to supporting well-being across all stages of life.

As Europe’s population continues to age, the demand for long-term care (LTC) is becoming one of the most pressing challenges for the continent. Addressing this issue is critical for ensuring both the sustainability of healthcare systems and social cohesion across member states. Recent initiatives such as the 2022 European Care Strategy and the Council Recommendation on LTC have set important foundations, but much work remains to ensure that care systems are both inclusive and resilient. Defining a continuous care model, setting common quality standards, and exploring opportunities for public-private collaboration, while also considering the role of data in shaping more effective policies, remain central in this debate. With the goal of advancing a shared European approach to LTC that guarantees accessibility, quality, and sustainability for all, it is crucial to explore innovative avenues for addressing these challenges.